Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Market 2022 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2028

  • receipt Report ID : 105412
  • calendar_today Published On: Mar, 2022
  • file_copy Pages: 156
  • list Automotives
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The Light Vehicle Antifreeze market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations.

According to our latest study, due to COVID-19 pandemic, the global Light Vehicle Antifreeze market size is estimated to be worth US$ million in 2021 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2028 with a CAGR of % during review period. Light Passenger Vehicle accounting for % of the Light Vehicle Antifreeze global market in 2021, is projected to value USD million by 2028, growing at a % CAGR in next six years. While Ethylene Glycol Coolant segment is altered to a % CAGR between 2022 and 2028.

Global key manufacturers of Light Vehicle Antifreeze include Prestone, Shell, Exxon Mobil, Castrol, and Total, etc. In terms of revenue, the global top four players hold a share over % in 2021.

Market segmentation

Light Vehicle Antifreeze market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2017-2028, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for sales by Type and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.

Market segment by Type, covers

Ethylene Glycol Coolant

Propylene Glycol Coolant

Other

Market segment by Application can be divided into

Light Passenger Vehicle

Light Commercial Vehicle

The key market players for global Light Vehicle Antifreeze market are listed below:

Prestone

Shell

Exxon Mobil

Castrol

Total

CCI

BASF

Valvoline

Old World Industries

KMCO

Chevron

SONAX

Getz Nordic

Kost USA

Recochem

Amsoil

MITAN

Gulf Oil International

Paras Lubricants

Solar Applied Materials

Pentosin

Millers Oils

Silverhook

Evans

ABRO

Sinopec

CNPC

Lanzhou BlueStar

Zhongkun Petrochemical

China-TEEC

Market segment by region, regional analysis covers

North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)

Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)

Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)

South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)

Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)

The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:

Chapter 1, to describe Light Vehicle Antifreeze product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.

Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Light Vehicle Antifreeze, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Light Vehicle Antifreeze from 2019 to 2022.

Chapter 3, the Light Vehicle Antifreeze competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.

Chapter 4, the Light Vehicle Antifreeze breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2017 to 2028.

Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2017 to 2028.

Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales, revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2017 to 2022.and Light Vehicle Antifreeze market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2023 to 2028.

Chapter 12, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Light Vehicle Antifreeze.

Chapter 13, 14, and 15, to describe Light Vehicle Antifreeze sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.

Frequently Asked Questions

The base year for the study has been considered 2019, historic year 2014 and 2018, the forecast period considered is from 2020 to 2027. The regions analyzed for the market include North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, and Middle East and Africa. These regions are further analyzed at the country-level. The study also includes attractiveness analysis of type, application and regions which are benchmarked based on their market size, growth rate and attractiveness in terms of present and future opportunity for understanding the future growth of the market.

Market is segmented on the basis:

  • By Type
  • By Application
  • By Region
  • By Country
  • By Manufacturer

The report offers in-depth analysis of driving factors, opportunities, restraints, and challenges for gaining the key insight of the market. The report emphasizes on all the key trends that play a vital role in the enlargement of the market from 2019 to 2026.

The report provides company profile of the key players operating in the market and a comparative analysis based on their business overviews industry offering, segment market share, regional presence, business strategies, innovations, mergers & acquisitions, recent developments, joint venture, collaborations, partnerships, SWOT analysis, and key financial information.

1 Market Overview

1 Market Overview

1.1 Light Vehicle Antifreeze Introduction

1.2 Market Analysis by Type

1.2.1 Overview: Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Type: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028

1.2.2 Ethylene Glycol Coolant

1.2.3 Propylene Glycol Coolant

1.2.4 Other

1.3 Market Analysis by Application

1.3.1 Overview: Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Application: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028

1.3.2 Light Passenger Vehicle

1.3.3 Light Commercial Vehicle

1.4 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Market Size & Forecast

1.4.1 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales in Value (2017 & 2021 & 2028)

1.4.2 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales in Volume (2017-2028)

1.4.3 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Price (2017-2028)

1.5 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Production Capacity Analysis

1.5.1 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Total Production Capacity (2017-2028)

1.5.2 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Production Capacity by Geographic Region

1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends

1.6.1 Light Vehicle Antifreeze Market Drivers

1.6.2 Light Vehicle Antifreeze Market Restraints

1.6.3 Light Vehicle Antifreeze Trends Analysis

2 Manufacturers Profiles

2 Manufacturers Profiles

2.1 Prestone

2.1.1 Prestone Details

2.1.2 Prestone Major Business

2.1.3 Prestone Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.1.4 Prestone Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.2 Shell

2.2.1 Shell Details

2.2.2 Shell Major Business

2.2.3 Shell Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.2.4 Shell Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.3 Exxon Mobil

2.3.1 Exxon Mobil Details

2.3.2 Exxon Mobil Major Business

2.3.3 Exxon Mobil Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.3.4 Exxon Mobil Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.4 Castrol

2.4.1 Castrol Details

2.4.2 Castrol Major Business

2.4.3 Castrol Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.4.4 Castrol Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.5 Total

2.5.1 Total Details

2.5.2 Total Major Business

2.5.3 Total Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.5.4 Total Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.6 CCI

2.6.1 CCI Details

2.6.2 CCI Major Business

2.6.3 CCI Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.6.4 CCI Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.7 BASF

2.7.1 BASF Details

2.7.2 BASF Major Business

2.7.3 BASF Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.7.4 BASF Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.8 Valvoline

2.8.1 Valvoline Details

2.8.2 Valvoline Major Business

2.8.3 Valvoline Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.8.4 Valvoline Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.9 Old World Industries

2.9.1 Old World Industries Details

2.9.2 Old World Industries Major Business

2.9.3 Old World Industries Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.9.4 Old World Industries Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.10 KMCO

2.10.1 KMCO Details

2.10.2 KMCO Major Business

2.10.3 KMCO Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.10.4 KMCO Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.11 Chevron

2.11.1 Chevron Details

2.11.2 Chevron Major Business

2.11.3 Chevron Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.11.4 Chevron Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.12 SONAX

2.12.1 SONAX Details

2.12.2 SONAX Major Business

2.12.3 SONAX Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.12.4 SONAX Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.13 Getz Nordic

2.13.1 Getz Nordic Details

2.13.2 Getz Nordic Major Business

2.13.3 Getz Nordic Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.13.4 Getz Nordic Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.14 Kost USA

2.14.1 Kost USA Details

2.14.2 Kost USA Major Business

2.14.3 Kost USA Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.14.4 Kost USA Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.15 Recochem

2.15.1 Recochem Details

2.15.2 Recochem Major Business

2.15.3 Recochem Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.15.4 Recochem Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.16 Amsoil

2.16.1 Amsoil Details

2.16.2 Amsoil Major Business

2.16.3 Amsoil Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.16.4 Amsoil Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.17 MITAN

2.17.1 MITAN Details

2.17.2 MITAN Major Business

2.17.3 MITAN Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.17.4 MITAN Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.18 Gulf Oil International

2.18.1 Gulf Oil International Details

2.18.2 Gulf Oil International Major Business

2.18.3 Gulf Oil International Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.18.4 Gulf Oil International Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.19 Paras Lubricants

2.19.1 Paras Lubricants Details

2.19.2 Paras Lubricants Major Business

2.19.3 Paras Lubricants Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.19.4 Paras Lubricants Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.20 Solar Applied Materials

2.20.1 Solar Applied Materials Details

2.20.2 Solar Applied Materials Major Business

2.20.3 Solar Applied Materials Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.20.4 Solar Applied Materials Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.21 Pentosin

2.21.1 Pentosin Details

2.21.2 Pentosin Major Business

2.21.3 Pentosin Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.21.4 Pentosin Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.22 Millers Oils

2.22.1 Millers Oils Details

2.22.2 Millers Oils Major Business

2.22.3 Millers Oils Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.22.4 Millers Oils Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.23 Silverhook

2.23.1 Silverhook Details

2.23.2 Silverhook Major Business

2.23.3 Silverhook Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.23.4 Silverhook Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.24 Evans

2.24.1 Evans Details

2.24.2 Evans Major Business

2.24.3 Evans Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.24.4 Evans Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.25 ABRO

2.25.1 ABRO Details

2.25.2 ABRO Major Business

2.25.3 ABRO Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.25.4 ABRO Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.26 Sinopec

2.26.1 Sinopec Details

2.26.2 Sinopec Major Business

2.26.3 Sinopec Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.26.4 Sinopec Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.27 CNPC

2.27.1 CNPC Details

2.27.2 CNPC Major Business

2.27.3 CNPC Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.27.4 CNPC Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.28 Lanzhou BlueStar

2.28.1 Lanzhou BlueStar Details

2.28.2 Lanzhou BlueStar Major Business

2.28.3 Lanzhou BlueStar Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.28.4 Lanzhou BlueStar Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.29 Zhongkun Petrochemical

2.29.1 Zhongkun Petrochemical Details

2.29.2 Zhongkun Petrochemical Major Business

2.29.3 Zhongkun Petrochemical Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.29.4 Zhongkun Petrochemical Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.30 China-TEEC

2.30.1 China-TEEC Details

2.30.2 China-TEEC Major Business

2.30.3 China-TEEC Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

2.30.4 China-TEEC Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

3 Light Vehicle Antifreeze Breakdown Data by Manufacturer

3 Light Vehicle Antifreeze Breakdown Data by Manufacturer

3.1 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales in Volume by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

3.2 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

3.3 Key Manufacturer Market Position in Light Vehicle Antifreeze

3.4 Market Concentration Rate

3.4.1 Top 3 Light Vehicle Antifreeze Manufacturer Market Share in 2021

3.4.2 Top 6 Light Vehicle Antifreeze Manufacturer Market Share in 2021

3.5 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Production Capacity by Company: 2021 VS 2022

3.6 Manufacturer by Geography: Head Office and Light Vehicle Antifreeze Production Site

3.7 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans

3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions

4 Market Analysis by Region

4 Market Analysis by Region

4.1 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Market Size by Region

4.1.1 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)

4.1.2 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Region (2017-2028)

4.2 North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue (2017-2028)

4.3 Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue (2017-2028)

4.4 Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue (2017-2028)

4.5 South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue (2017-2028)

4.6 Middle East and Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue (2017-2028)

5 Market Segment by Type

5 Market Segment by Type

5.1 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales in Volume by Type (2017-2028)

5.2 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Type (2017-2028)

5.3 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Price by Type (2017-2028)

6 Market Segment by Application

6 Market Segment by Application

6.1 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales in Volume by Application (2017-2028)

6.2 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Application (2017-2028)

6.3 Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Price by Application (2017-2028)

7 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application

7 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application

7.1 North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Type (2017-2028)

7.2 North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Application (2017-2028)

7.3 North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Market Size by Country

7.3.1 North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)

7.3.2 North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Country (2017-2028)

7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

8 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application

8 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application

8.1 Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Type (2017-2028)

8.2 Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Application (2017-2028)

8.3 Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Market Size by Country

8.3.1 Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)

8.3.2 Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Country (2017-2028)

8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

9 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application

9 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application

9.1 Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Type (2017-2028)

9.2 Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Application (2017-2028)

9.3 Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Market Size by Region

9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)

9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Region (2017-2028)

9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

10 South America by Region, by Type, and by Application

10 South America by Region, by Type, and by Application

10.1 South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Type (2017-2028)

10.2 South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Application (2017-2028)

10.3 South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Market Size by Country

10.3.1 South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)

10.3.2 South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Country (2017-2028)

10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

11 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application

11 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application

11.1 Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Type (2017-2028)

11.2 Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Application (2017-2028)

11.3 Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Market Size by Country

11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)

11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Country (2017-2028)

11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

12 Raw Material and Industry Chain

12 Raw Material and Industry Chain

12.1 Raw Material of Light Vehicle Antifreeze and Key Manufacturers

12.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Light Vehicle Antifreeze

12.3 Light Vehicle Antifreeze Production Process

12.4 Light Vehicle Antifreeze Industrial Chain

13 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers

13 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers

13.1 Sales Channel

13.1.1 Direct Marketing

13.1.2 Indirect Marketing

13.2 Light Vehicle Antifreeze Typical Distributors

13.3 Light Vehicle Antifreeze Typical Customers

14 Research Findings and Conclusion

14 Research Findings and Conclusion

15 Appendix

15 Appendix

15.1 Methodology

15.2 Research Process and Data Source

15.3 Disclaimer

List of Tables

Table 1. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2017 & 2021 & 2028

Table 2. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2017 & 2021 & 2028

Table 3. Prestone Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 4. Prestone Major Business

Table 5. Prestone Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 6. Prestone Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 7. Shell Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 8. Shell Major Business

Table 9. Shell Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 10. Shell Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 11. Exxon Mobil Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 12. Exxon Mobil Major Business

Table 13. Exxon Mobil Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 14. Exxon Mobil Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 15. Castrol Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 16. Castrol Major Business

Table 17. Castrol Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 18. Castrol Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 19. Total Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 20. Total Major Business

Table 21. Total Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 22. Total Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 23. CCI Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 24. CCI Major Business

Table 25. CCI Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 26. CCI Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 27. BASF Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 28. BASF Major Business

Table 29. BASF Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 30. BASF Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 31. Valvoline Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 32. Valvoline Major Business

Table 33. Valvoline Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 34. Valvoline Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 35. Old World Industries Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 36. Old World Industries Major Business

Table 37. Old World Industries Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 38. Old World Industries Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 39. KMCO Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 40. KMCO Major Business

Table 41. KMCO Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 42. KMCO Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 43. Chevron Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 44. Chevron Major Business

Table 45. Chevron Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 46. Chevron Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 47. SONAX Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 48. SONAX Major Business

Table 49. SONAX Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 50. SONAX Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 51. Getz Nordic Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 52. Getz Nordic Major Business

Table 53. Getz Nordic Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 54. Getz Nordic Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 55. Kost USA Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 56. Kost USA Major Business

Table 57. Kost USA Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 58. Kost USA Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 59. Recochem Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 60. Recochem Major Business

Table 61. Recochem Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 62. Recochem Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 63. Amsoil Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 64. Amsoil Major Business

Table 65. Amsoil Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 66. Amsoil Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 67. MITAN Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 68. MITAN Major Business

Table 69. MITAN Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 70. MITAN Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 71. Gulf Oil International Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 72. Gulf Oil International Major Business

Table 73. Gulf Oil International Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 74. Gulf Oil International Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 75. Paras Lubricants Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 76. Paras Lubricants Major Business

Table 77. Paras Lubricants Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 78. Paras Lubricants Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 79. Solar Applied Materials Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 80. Solar Applied Materials Major Business

Table 81. Solar Applied Materials Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 82. Solar Applied Materials Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 83. Pentosin Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 84. Pentosin Major Business

Table 85. Pentosin Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 86. Pentosin Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 87. Millers Oils Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 88. Millers Oils Major Business

Table 89. Millers Oils Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 90. Millers Oils Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 91. Silverhook Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 92. Silverhook Major Business

Table 93. Silverhook Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 94. Silverhook Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 95. Evans Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 96. Evans Major Business

Table 97. Evans Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 98. Evans Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 99. ABRO Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 100. ABRO Major Business

Table 101. ABRO Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 102. ABRO Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 103. Sinopec Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 104. Sinopec Major Business

Table 105. Sinopec Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 106. Sinopec Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 107. CNPC Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 108. CNPC Major Business

Table 109. CNPC Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 110. CNPC Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 111. Lanzhou BlueStar Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 112. Lanzhou BlueStar Major Business

Table 113. Lanzhou BlueStar Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 114. Lanzhou BlueStar Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 115. Zhongkun Petrochemical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 116. Zhongkun PetrochemicalMajor Business

Table 117. Zhongkun Petrochemical Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 118. Zhongkun Petrochemical Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 119. China-TEEC Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 120. China-TEEC Major Business

Table 121. China-TEEC Light Vehicle Antifreeze Product and Services

Table 122. China-TEEC Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 123. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) & (K MT)

Table 124. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) & (USD Million)

Table 125. Market Position of Manufacturers in Light Vehicle Antifreeze, (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3), Based on Revenue in 2021

Table 126. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Production Capacity by Company, (K MT): 2020 VS 2021

Table 127. Head Office and Light Vehicle Antifreeze Production Site of Key Manufacturer

Table 128. Light Vehicle Antifreeze New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans

Table 129. Light Vehicle Antifreeze Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years

Table 130. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 131. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 132. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 133. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 134. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 135. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 136. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 137. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 138. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Price by Type (2017-2022) & (USD/MT)

Table 139. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Price by Type (2023-2028) & (USD/MT)

Table 140. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 141. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 142. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 143. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 144. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Price by Application (2017-2022) & (USD/MT)

Table 145. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Price by Application (2023-2028) & (USD/MT)

Table 146. North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 147. North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 148. North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 149. North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 150. North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 151. North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 152. North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 153. North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 154. Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 155. Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 156. Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 157. Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 158. Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 159. Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 160. Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 161. Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 162. Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 163. Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 164. Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 165. Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 166. Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 167. Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 168. Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 169. Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 170. South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 171. South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 172. South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 173. South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 174. South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 175. South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 176. South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 177. South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 178. Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 179. Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 180. Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 181. Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 182. Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 183. Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 184. Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)

Table 185. Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)

Table 186. Light Vehicle Antifreeze Raw Material

Table 187. Key Manufacturers of Light Vehicle Antifreeze Raw Materials

Table 188. Direct Channel Pros & Cons

Table 189. Indirect Channel Pros & Cons

Table 190. Light Vehicle Antifreeze Typical Distributors

Table 191. Light Vehicle Antifreeze Typical Customers

List of Figures

Figure 1. Light Vehicle Antifreeze Picture

Figure 2. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure 3. Ethylene Glycol Coolant

Figure 4. Propylene Glycol Coolant

Figure 5. Other

Figure 6. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 7. Light Passenger Vehicle

Figure 8. Light Commercial Vehicle

Figure 9. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue, (USD Million) & (K MT): 2017 & 2021 & 2028

Figure 10. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Forecast (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 11. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales (2017-2028) & (K MT)

Figure 12. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Price (2017-2028) & (USD/MT)

Figure 13. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Production Capacity (2017-2028) & (K MT)

Figure 14. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Production Capacity by Geographic Region: 2022 VS 2028

Figure 15. Light Vehicle Antifreeze Market Drivers

Figure 16. Light Vehicle Antifreeze Market Restraints

Figure 17. Light Vehicle Antifreeze Market Trends

Figure 18. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021

Figure 19. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021

Figure 20. Light Vehicle Antifreeze Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) in 2021

Figure 21. Top 3 Light Vehicle Antifreeze Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021

Figure 22. Top 6 Light Vehicle Antifreeze Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021

Figure 23. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)

Figure 24. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)

Figure 25. North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 26. Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 27. Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 28. South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 29. Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 30. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)

Figure 31. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)

Figure 32. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Price by Type (2017-2028) & (USD/MT)

Figure 33. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)

Figure 34. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)

Figure 35. Global Light Vehicle Antifreeze Price by Application (2017-2028) & (USD/MT)

Figure 36. North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)

Figure 37. North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)

Figure 38. North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)

Figure 39. North America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)

Figure 40. United States Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 41. Canada Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 42. Mexico Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 43. Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)

Figure 44. Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)

Figure 45. Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)

Figure 46. Europe Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)

Figure 47. Germany Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 48. France Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 49. United Kingdom Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 50. Russia Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 51. Italy Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 52. Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)

Figure 53. Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)

Figure 54. Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)

Figure 55. Asia-Pacific Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)

Figure 56. China Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 57. Japan Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 58. Korea Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 59. India Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 60. Southeast Asia Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 61. Australia Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 62. South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)

Figure 63. South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)

Figure 64. South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)

Figure 65. South America Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)

Figure 66. Brazil Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 67. Argentina Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 68. Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)

Figure 69. Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)

Figure 70. Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)

Figure 71. Middle East & Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)

Figure 72. Turkey Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 73. Egypt Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 74. Saudi Arabia Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 75. South Africa Light Vehicle Antifreeze Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 76. Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Light Vehicle Antifreeze in 2021

Figure 77. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Light Vehicle Antifreeze

Figure 78. Light Vehicle Antifreeze Industrial Chain

Figure 79. Sales Channel: Direct Channel vs Indirect Channel

Figure 80. Methodology

Figure 81. Research Process and Data Source